Peter Careys The Fat Man In History Essay -- essays research papers

Peter Carey’s The Fat Man in History Entrapment and Isolation are common attributes of characters throughout several of the stories in The Fat Man in History. This comes across in many forms, both physical and mental. In most of the stories both entrapment and isolation often the result of the interaction of both. Stories which this theme is apparent are Crabs, Windmill in the West, and A Report on the Shadow Industry. In all of these stories characters are both entrapped and isolated by their behaviour and environment. They are not totally entrapped or isolated in all situations as they can change their behaviour to avoid this, however some of the stories depicting characters isolated or entrapped by their environment have less choice in their situation. Crabs was one of the stories where the isolation and entrapment were results of behaviour but later involved environment. The setting we are introduced to is one of isolation portrayed by the every man for himself world. Car owners were the prey of both Karboys and Police with support from no one against these forces. Crabs could have avoided this by having car that was less of a target, or not having a car at all, even though this would have been a difficult sacrifice. This isolation was the cause for his physical entrapment in the drive-in. During his entrapment in the drive in a further isolation was endured by Crabs. His choice of solitude was brought on by himself however, as he had become bored with the world ...

General Security Policy

Sample Information Security Policy I. POLICY A. It is the policy of ORGANIZATION XYZ that information, as defined hereinafter, in all its forms–written, spoken, recorded electronically or printed–will be protected from accidental or intentional unauthorized modification, destruction or disclosure throughout its life cycle. This protection includes an appropriate level of security over the equipment and software used to process, store, and transmit that information. B. All policies and procedures must be documented and made available to individuals responsible for their implementation and compliance. All activities identified by the policies and procedures must also be documented. All the documentation, which may be in electronic form, must be retained for at least 6 (six) years after initial creation, or, pertaining to policies and procedures, after changes are made. All documentation must be periodically reviewed for appropriateness and currency, a period of time to be determined by each entity within ORGANIZATION XYZ. C. At each entity and/or department level, additional policies, standards and procedures will be developed detailing the implementation of this policy and set of standards, and addressing any additional information systems functionality in such entity and/or department. All departmental policies must be consistent with this policy. All systems implemented after the effective date of these policies are expected to comply with the provisions of this policy where possible. Existing systems are expected to be brought into compliance where possible and as soon as practical. II. SCOPE A. The scope of information security includes the protection of the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. B. The framework for managing information security in this policy applies to all ORGANIZATION XYZ entities and workers, and other Involved Persons and all Involved Systems throughout ORGANIZATION XYZ as defined below in INFORMATION SECURITY DEFINITIONS. C. This policy and all standards apply to all protected health information and other classes of protected information in any form as defined below in INFORMATION CLASSIFICATION. III. RISK MANAGEMENT A. A thorough analysis of all ORGANIZATION XYZ information networks and systems will be conducted on a periodic basis to document the threats and vulnerabilities to stored and transmitted information. The analysis will examine the types of threats – internal or external, natural or manmade, electronic and non-electronic– that affect the ability to manage the information resource. The analysis will also document the existing vulnerabilities within each entity which potentially expose the information resource to the threats. Finally, the analysis will also include an evaluation of the information assets and the technology associated with its collection, storage, dissemination and protection. From the combination of threats, vulnerabilities, and asset values, an estimate of the risks to the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the information will be determined. The frequency of the risk analysis will be determined at the entity level. B. Based on the periodic assessment, measures will be implemented that reduce the impact of the threats by reducing the amount and scope of the vulnerabilities. IV. INFORMATION SECURITY DEFINITIONS Affiliated Covered Entities: Legally separate, but affiliated, covered entities which choose to designate themselves as a single covered entity for purposes of HIPAA. Availability: Data or information is accessible and usable upon demand by an authorized person. Confidentiality: Data or information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized persons or processes. HIPAA: The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, a federal law passed in 1996 that affects the healthcare and insurance industries. A key goal of the HIPAA regulations is to protect the privacy and confidentiality of protected health information by setting and enforcing standards. Integrity: Data or information has not been altered or destroyed in an unauthorized manner. Involved Persons: Every worker at ORGANIZATION XYZ — no matter what their status. This includes physicians, residents, students, employees, contractors, consultants, temporaries, volunteers, interns, etc. Involved Systems: All computer equipment and network systems that are operated within the ORGANIZATION XYZ environment. This includes all platforms (operating systems), all computer sizes (personal digital assistants, desktops, mainframes, etc. ), and all applications and data (whether developed in-house or licensed from third parties) contained on those systems. Protected Health Information (PHI): PHI is health information, including demographic information, created or received by the ORGANIZATION XYZ entities which relates to the past, present, or future physical or mental health or condition of an individual; the provision of health care to an individual; or the past, present, or future payment for the provision of health care to an individual and that identifies or can be used to identify the individual. Risk: The probability of a loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information resources. V. INFORMATION SECURITY RESPONSIBILITIES A. Information Security Officer: The Information Security Officer (ISO) for each entity is responsible for working with user management, owners, custodians, and users to develop and implement prudent security policies, procedures, and controls, subject to the approval of ORGANIZATION XYZ. Specific responsibilities include: 1. Ensuring security policies, procedures, and standards are in place and adhered to by entity. 2. Providing basic security support for all systems and users. 3. Advising owners in the identification and classification of computer resources. See Section VI Information Classification. 4. Advising systems development and application owners in the implementation of security controls for information on systems, from the point of system design, through testing and production implementation. 5. Educating custodian and user management with comprehensive information about security controls affecting system users and application systems. 6. Providing on-going employee security education. 7. Performing security audits. 8. Reporting regularly to the ORGANIZATION XYZ Oversight Committee on entity’s status with regard to information security. B. Information Owner: The owner of a collection of information is usually the manager responsible for the creation of that information or the primary user of that information. This role often corresponds with the management of an organizational unit. In this context, ownership does not signify proprietary interest, and ownership may be shared. The owner may delegate ownership responsibilities to another individual by completing the ORGANIZATION XYZ Information Owner Delegation Form. The owner of information has the responsibility for: 1. Knowing the information for which she/he is responsible. 2. Determining a data retention period for the information, relying on advice from the Legal Department. 3. Ensuring appropriate procedures are in effect to protect the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of the information used or created within the unit. 4. Authorizing access and assigning custodianship. 5. Specifying controls and communicating the control requirements to the custodian and users of the information. 6. Reporting promptly to the ISO the loss or misuse of ORGANIZATION XYZ information. 7. Initiating corrective actions when problems are identified. 8. Promoting employee education and awareness by utilizing programs approved by the ISO, where appropriate. 9. Following existing approval processes within the respective organizational unit for the selection, budgeting, purchase, and implementation of any computer system/software to manage information. C. Custodian: The custodian of information is generally responsible for the processing and storage of the information. The custodian is responsible for the administration of controls as specified by the owner. Responsibilities may include: 1. Providing and/or recommending physical safeguards. 2. Providing and/or recommending procedural safeguards. 3. Administering access to information. 4. Releasing information as authorized by the Information Owner and/or the Information Privacy/ Security Officer for use and disclosure using procedures that protect the privacy of the information. 5. Evaluating the cost effectiveness of controls. 6. Maintaining information security policies, procedures and standards as appropriate and in consultation with the ISO. 7. Promoting employee education and awareness by utilizing programs approved by the ISO, where appropriate. 8. Reporting promptly to the ISO the loss or misuse of ORGANIZATION XYZ information. 9. Identifying and responding to security incidents and initiating appropriate actions when problems are identified. D. User Management: ORGANIZATION XYZ management who supervise users as defined below. User management is responsible for overseeing their employees' use of information, including: 1. Reviewing and approving all requests for their employees access authorizations. . Initiating security change requests to keep employees' security record current with their positions and job functions. 3. Promptly informing appropriate parties of employee terminations and transfers, in accordance with local entity termination procedures. 4. Revoking physical access to terminated employees, i. e. , confiscating keys, changing combination locks, etc. 5. Providing employees with the opportunity for training needed to properly use the computer systems. 6. Reporting promptly to the ISO the loss or misuse of ORGANIZATION XYZ information. 7. Initiating corrective actions when problems are identified. 8. Following existing approval processes within their respective organization for the selection, budgeting, purchase, and implementation of any computer system/software to manage information. E. User: The user is any person who has been authorized to read, enter, or update information. A user of information is expected to: 1. Access information only in support of their authorized job responsibilities. 2. Comply with Information Security Policies and Standards and with all controls established by the owner and custodian. 3. Refer all disclosures of PHI (1) outside of ORGANIZATION XYZ and (2) within ORGANIZATION XYZ, other than for treatment, payment, or health care operations, to the applicable entity’s Medical/Health Information Management Department. In certain circumstances, the Medical/Health Information Management Department policies may specifically delegate the disclosure process to other departments. (For additional information, see ORGANIZATION XYZ Privacy/Confidentiality of Protected Health Information (PHI) Policy. ) 4. Keep personal authentication devices (e. g. passwords, SecureCards, PINs, etc. confidential. 5. Report promptly to the ISO the loss or misuse of ORGANIZATION XYZ information. 6. Initiate corrective actions when problems are identified. VI. INFORMATION CLASSIFICATION Classification is used to promote proper controls for safeguarding the confidentiality of information. Regardless of classification the integrity and accuracy of all classifications of information must be pr otected. The classification assigned and the related controls applied are dependent on the sensitivity of the information. Information must be classified according to the most sensitive detail it includes. Information recorded in several formats (e. g. , source document, electronic record, report) must have the same classification regardless of format. The following levels are to be used when classifying information: A. Protected Health Information (PHI) 1. PHI is information, whether oral or recorded in any form or medium, that: a. is created or received by a healthcare provider, health plan, public health authority, employer, life insurer, school or university or health clearinghouse; and b. relates to past, present or future physical or mental ealth or condition of an individual, the provision of health care to an individual, or the past present or future payment for the provision of health care to an individual; and c. includes demographic data, that permits identification of the individual or could reasonably be used to identify the individual. 2. Unauthorized or improper disclosure, modification, or destruction of this information could violate state and federal laws, result in c ivil and criminal penalties, and cause serious damage to ORGANIZATION XYZ and its patients or research interests. B. Confidential Information 1. Confidential Information is very important and highly sensitive material that is not classified as PHI. This information is private or otherwise sensitive in nature and must be restricted to those with a legitimate business need for access. Examples of Confidential Information may include: personnel information, key financial information, proprietary information of commercial research sponsors, system access passwords and information file encryption keys. 2. Unauthorized disclosure of this information to people without a business need for access may violate laws and regulations, or may cause significant problems for ORGANIZATION XYZ, its customers, or its business partners. Decisions about the provision of access to this information must always be cleared through the information owner. C. Internal Information 1. Internal Information is intended for unrestricted use within ORGANIZATION XYZ, and in some cases within affiliated organizations such as ORGANIZATION XYZ business partners. This type of information is already idely-distributed within ORGANIZATION XYZ, or it could be so distributed within the organization without advance permission from the information owner. Examples of Internal Information may include: personnel directories, internal policies and procedures, most internal electronic mail messages. 2. Any information not explicitly classified as PHI, Confidential or Public will, by default, be classified as Internal Information. 3. Unauthorized disclosure of this information to outsiders may not be appropriate due to legal or contractual provisions. D. Public Information 1. Public Information has been specifically approved for public release by a designated authority within each entity of ORGANIZATION XYZ. Examples of Public Information may include marketing brochures and material posted to ORGANIZATION XYZ entity internet web pages. 2. This information may be disclosed outside of ORGANIZATION XYZ. VII. COMPUTER AND INFORMATION CONTROL All involved systems and information are assets of ORGANIZATION XYZ and are expected to be protected from misuse, unauthorized manipulation, and destruction. These protection measures may be physical and/or software based. A. Ownership of Software: All computer software developed by ORGANIZATION XYZ employees or contract personnel on behalf of ORGANIZATION XYZ or licensed for ORGANIZATION XYZ use is the property of ORGANIZATION XYZ and must not be copied for use at home or any other location, unless otherwise specified by the license agreement. B. Installed Software: All software packages that reside on computers and networks within ORGANIZATION XYZ must comply with applicable licensing agreements and restrictions and must comply with ORGANIZATION XYZ acquisition of software policies. C. Virus Protection: Virus checking systems approved by the Information Security Officer and Information Services must be deployed using a multi-layered approach (desktops, servers, gateways, etc. ) that ensures all electronic files are appropriately scanned for viruses. Users are not authorized to turn off or disable virus checking systems. D. Access Controls: Physical and electronic access to PHI, Confidential and Internal information and computing resources is controlled. To ensure appropriate levels of access by internal workers, a variety of security measures will be instituted as recommended by the Information Security Officer and approved by ORGANIZATION XYZ. Mechanisms to control access to PHI, Confidential and Internal information include (but are not limited to) the following methods: 1. Authorization: Access will be granted on a â€Å"need to know† basis and must be authorized by the immediate supervisor and application owner with the assistance of the ISO. Any of the following methods are acceptable for providing access under this policy: . Context-based access: Access control based on the context of a transaction (as opposed to being based on attributes of the initiator or target). The â€Å"external† factors might include time of day, location of the user, strength of user authentication, etc. b. Role-based access: An alternative to traditional access control models (e. g. , discretionary or non-discretionary access control po licies) that permits the specification and enforcement of enterprise-specific security policies in a way that maps more naturally to an organization’s structure and business activities. Each user is assigned to one or more predefined roles, each of which has been assigned the various privileges needed to perform that role. c. User-based access: A security mechanism used to grant users of a system access based upon the identity of the user. 2. Identification/Authentication: Unique user identification (user id) and authentication is required for all systems that maintain or access PHI, Confidential and/or Internal Information. Users will be held accountable for all actions performed on the system with their user id. a. At least one of the following authentication methods must be implemented: 1. strictly controlled passwords (Attachment 1 – Password Control Standards), 2. biometric identification, and/or 3. tokens in conjunction with a PIN. b. The user must secure his/her authentication control (e. g. password, token) such that it is known only to that user and possibly a designated security manager. c. An automatic timeout re-authentication must be required after a certain period of no activity (maximum 15 minutes). d. The user must log off or secure the system when leaving it. 3. Data Integrity: ORGANIZATION XYZ must be able to provide corroboration that PHI, Confidential, and Internal Information has not been altered or destroyed in an unauthorized manner. Listed below are some methods that support data integrity: a. transaction audit b. disk redundancy (RAID) c. ECC (Error Correcting Memory) d. checksums (file integrity) e. encryption of data in storage f. digital signatures 4. Transmission Security: Technical security mechanisms must be put in place to guard against unauthorized access to data that is transmitted over a communications network, including wireless networks. The following features must be implemented: a. integrity controls and b. encryption, where deemed appropriate 5. Remote Access: Access into ORGANIZATION XYZ network from outside will be granted using ORGANIZATION XYZ approved devices and pathways on an individual user and application basis. All other network access options are strictly prohibited. Further, PHI, Confidential and/or Internal Information that is stored or accessed remotely must maintain the same level of protections as information stored and accessed within the ORGANIZATION XYZ network. 6. Physical Access: Access to areas in which information processing is carried out must be restricted to only appropriately authorized individuals. The following physical controls must be in place: a. Mainframe computer systems must be installed in an access-controlled area. The area in and around the computer facility must afford protection against fire, water damage, and other environmental hazards such as power outages and extreme temperature situations. b. File servers containing PHI, Confidential and/or Internal Information must be installed in a secure area to prevent theft, destruction, or access by unauthorized individuals. . Workstations or personal computers (PC) must be secured against use by unauthorized individuals. Local procedures and standards must be developed on secure and appropriate workstation use and physical safeguards which must include procedures that will: 1. Position workstations to minimize unauthorized viewing of protected health information. 2. Grant workst ation access only to those who need it in order to perform their job function. 3. Establish workstation location criteria to eliminate or minimize the possibility of unauthorized access to protected health information. 4. Employ physical safeguards as determined by risk analysis, such as locating workstations in controlled access areas or installing covers or enclosures to preclude passerby access to PHI. 5. Use automatic screen savers with passwords to protect unattended machines. d. Facility access controls must be implemented to limit physical access to electronic information systems and the facilities in which they are housed, while ensuring that properly authorized access is allowed. Local policies and procedures must be developed to address the following facility access control requirements: 1. Contingency Operations – Documented procedures that allow facility access in support of restoration of lost data under the disaster recovery plan and emergency mode operations plan in the event of an emergency. 2. Facility Security Plan – Documented policies and procedures to safeguard the facility and the equipment therein from unauthorized physical access, tampering, and theft. 3. Access Control and Validation – Documented procedures to control and validate a person’s access to facilities based on their role or function, including visitor control, and control of access to software programs for testing and revision. . Maintenance records – Documented policies and procedures to document repairs and modifications to the physical components of the facility which are related to security (for example, hardware, walls, doors, and locks). 7. Emergency Access: a. Each entity is required to establish a mechanism to provide emergency access to systems and ap plications in the event that the assigned custodian or owner is unavailable during an emergency. b. Procedures must be documented to address: 1. Authorization, 2. Implementation, and 3. Revocation E. Equipment and Media Controls: The disposal of information must ensure the continued protection of PHI, Confidential and Internal Information. Each entity must develop and implement policies and procedures that govern the receipt and removal of hardware and electronic media that contain PHI into and out of a facility, and the movement of these items within the facility. The following specification must be addressed: 1. Information Disposal / Media Re-Use of: a. Hard copy (paper and microfilm/fiche) b. Magnetic media (floppy disks, hard drives, zip disks, etc. ) and c. CD ROM Disks 2. Accountability: Each entity must maintain a record of the movements of hardware and electronic media and any person responsible therefore. 3. Data backup and Storage: When needed, create a retrievable, exact copy of electronic PHI before movement of equipment. F. Other Media Controls: 1. PHI and Confidential Information stored on external media (diskettes, cd-roms, portable storage, memory sticks, etc. ) must be protected from theft and unauthorized access. Such media must be appropriately labeled so as to identify it as PHI or Confidential Information. Further, external media containing PHI and Confidential Information must never be left unattended in unsecured areas. 2. PHI and Confidential Information must never be stored on mobile computing devices (laptops, personal digital assistants (PDA), smart phones, tablet PC’s, etc. ) unless the devices have the following minimum security requirements implemented: a. Power-on passwords b. Auto logoff or screen saver with password c. Encryption of stored data or other acceptable safeguards approved by Information Security Officer Further, mobile computing devices must never be left unattended in unsecured areas. . If PHI or Confidential Information is stored on external medium or mobile computing devices and there is a breach of confidentiality as a result, then the owner of the medium/device will be held personally accountable and is subject to the terms and conditions of ORGANIZATION XYZ Information Security Policies and Confidentiality Statement signed as a condition of employme nt or affiliation with ORGANIZATION XYZ. H. Data Transfer/Printing: 1. Electronic Mass Data Transfers: Downloading and uploading PHI, Confidential, and Internal Information between systems must be strictly controlled. Requests for mass downloads of, or individual requests for, information for research purposes that include PHI must be approved through the Internal Review Board (IRB). All other mass downloads of information must be approved by the Application Owner and include only the minimum amount of information necessary to fulfill the request. Applicable Business Associate Agreements must be in place when transferring PHI to external entities (see ORGANIZATION XYZ policy B-2 entitled â€Å"Business Associates†). 2. Other Electronic Data Transfers and Printing: PHI, Confidential and Internal Information must be stored in a manner inaccessible to unauthorized individuals. PHI and Confidential information must not be downloaded, copied or printed indiscriminately or left unattended and open to compromise. PHI that is downloaded for educational purposes where possible should be de-identified before use. I. Oral Communications: ORGANIZATION XYZ staff should be aware of their surroundings when discussing PHI and Confidential Information. This includes the use of cellular telephones in public areas. ORGANIZATION XYZ staff should not discuss PHI or Confidential Information in public areas if the information can be overheard. Caution should be used when conducting conversations in: semi-private rooms, waiting rooms, corridors, elevators, stairwells, cafeterias, restaurants, or on public transportation. J. Audit Controls: Hardware, software, and/or procedural mechanisms that record and examine activity in information systems that contain or use PHI must be implemented. Further, procedures must be implemented to regularly review records of information system activity, such as audit logs, access reports, and security incident tracking reports. These reviews must be documented and maintained for six (6) years. K. Evaluation: ORGANIZATION XYZ requires that periodic technical and non-technical evaluations be performed in response to environmental or operational changes affecting the security of electronic PHI to ensure its continued protection. L. Contingency Plan: Controls must ensure that ORGANIZATION XYZ can recover from any damage to computer equipment or files within a reasonable period of time. Each entity is required to develop and maintain a plan for responding to a system emergency or other occurrence (for example, fire, vandalism, system failure and natural disaster) that damages systems that contain PHI, Confidential, or Internal Information. This will include developing policies and procedures to address the following: 1. Data Backup Plan: a. A data backup plan must be documented and routinely updated to create and maintain, for a specific period of time, retrievable exact copies of information. b. Backup data must be stored in an off-site location and protected from physical damage. . Backup data must be afforded the same level of protection as the original data. 2. Disaster Recovery Plan: A disaster recovery plan must be developed and documented which contains a process enabling the entity to restore any loss of data in the event of fire, vandalism, natural disaster, or system failure. 3. Emergency Mode Operation Plan: A plan must be developed and documented which c ontains a process enabling the entity to continue to operate in the event of fire, vandalism, natural disaster, or system failure. 4. Testing and Revision Procedures: Procedures should be developed and documented requiring periodic testing of written contingency plans to discover weaknesses and the subsequent process of revising the documentation, if necessary. 5. Applications and Data Criticality Analysis: The criticality of specific applications and data in support of other contingency plan components must be assessed and documented. Compliance [ § 164. 308(a)(1)(ii)(C)] A. The Information Security Policy applies to all users of ORGANIZATION XYZ information including: employees, medical staff, students, volunteers, and outside affiliates. Failure to comply with Information Security Policies and Standards by employees, medical staff, volunteers, and outside affiliates may result in disciplinary action up to and including dismissal in accordance with applicable ORGANIZATION XYZ procedures, or, in the case of outside affiliates, termination of the affiliation. Failure to comply with Information Security Policies and Standards by students may constitute grounds for corrective action in accordance with ORGANIZATION XYZ procedures. Further, penalties associated with state and federal laws may apply. B. Possible disciplinary/corrective action may be instituted for, but is not limited to, the following: 1. Unauthorized disclosure of PHI or Confidential Information as specified in Confidentiality Statement. 2. Unauthorized disclosure of a sign-on code (user id) or password. 3. Attempting to obtain a sign-on code or password that belongs to another person. 4. Using or attempting to use another person's sign-on code or password. 5. Unauthorized use of an authorized password to invade patient privacy by examining records or information for which there has been no request for review. . Installing or using unlicensed software on ORGANIZATION XYZ computers. 7. The intentional unauthorized destruction of ORGANIZATION XYZ information. 8. Attempting to get access to sign-on codes for purposes other than official business, including completing fraudulent documentation to gain access. — ATTACHMENT 1 — Password Control Standards The ORGANIZATION XYZ Information Security Policy requi res the use of strictly controlled passwords for accessing Protected Health Information (PHI), Confidential Information (CI) and Internal Information (II). See ORGANIZATION XYZ Information Security Policy for definition of these protected classes of information. ) Listed below are the minimum standards that must be implemented in order to ensure the effectiveness of password controls. Standards for accessing PHI, CI, II: Users are responsible for complying with the following password standards: 1. Passwords must never be shared with another person, unless the person is a designated security manager. 2. Every password must, where possible, be changed regularly – (between 45 and 90 days depending on the sensitivity of the information being accessed) 3. Passwords must, where possible, have a minimum length of six characters. 4. Passwords must never be saved when prompted by any application with the exception of central single sign-on (SSO) systems as approved by the ISO. This feature should be disabled in all applicable systems. 5. Passwords must not be programmed into a PC or recorded anywhere that someone may find and use them. 6. When creating a password, it is important not to use words that can be found in dictionaries or words that are easily guessed due to their association with the user (i. e. children’s names, pets’ names, birthdays, etc†¦). A combination of alpha and numeric characters are more difficult to guess. Where possible, system software must enforce the following password standards: 1. Passwords routed over a network must be encrypted. 2. Passwords must be entered in a non-display field. 3. System software must enforce the changing of passwords and the minimum length. 4. System software must disable the user identification code when more than three consecutive invalid passwords are given within a 15 minute timeframe. Lockout time must be set at a minimum of 30 minutes. 5. System software must maintain a history of previous passwords and prevent their reuse.

How Great Of An Honor Is It At Host An Event Such As The...

How great of an honor is it to host an event such as the Olympics? According to Stefan Szymanski, â€Å"the hosting of major sporting events has become the subject of intense competition among nations. Governments will make large financial commitments in order to win the bidding competition.† The regression of big time sporting events have changed immensely, from firstly being about showing who the best athlete was, to now a way of nations being able to bring fame and possible fortunes to their doors for just hosting such huge events. 2000-2015 has been a time span where the conversation about the Olympics, it’s events, and it’s policies have changed. The Olympic games originated in ancient Greece, about 3,000 years ago (8th century B.C. to 4th century A.D.) (A+E Networks, 2015). The games took place in Olympia located in the western Peloponnese peninsula. At first the Olympic games were used as a religious festival in honor of the ruler of gods, Zeus. After many years the Olympic games were re-introduced in the 19th century, which was done to bring countries back together as one and participate in this world wide competition of olympians. The games as a whole have changed the way of how people see the athletes. In the beginning of it all, the athletes competed for their religious believes, now the race to be the best is at its highest, with the 28 sports to participate in. According to the author, the number of professional has increased by approximately 10,500 professionalShow MoreRelatedVicious And Dangerous Sports The Olympic Games1274 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Vicious and dangerous sports should be banned by law When you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, it s amazing how little we have developed in other respects. We may speak contemptuously of the poor old Romans because they relished the orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. 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Objectification Theory Essays - 1736 Words

Women are bombarded by images of a thin-ideal body form that is extremely hard, if not impossible, to emulate. Comparing themselves to these women can lead to feelings of inadequacy, depression, and an overall low self-esteem. (Expand on, need a good opening paragraph to grab the reader’s attention) Objectification Theory Objectification theory has been proposed as a standard for understanding the effects of living in a culture that sexually objectifies women (Fredrickson Roberts, 1997). Objectification occurs when a person’s body is treated like a separate entity and is evaluated on its own merit, without consideration for the rest of the person. When an individual is sexually objectified, they are treated like an object that†¦show more content†¦Shame is a self-conscious and negative emotion that exhibits the desire to hide or disappear. Shame occurs when an individual internally evaluates themselves based on a predetermined standard and decides they have not met that standard. When this is applied to the thin-ideal body type, a sense of inadequacy and shame can arise due to its difficulty to emulate. Coping Strategies When an individual experiences body shame they will most likely employ a type of coping strategy. Coping is defined as the thoughts and/or actions that the individual uses to manage the effects of the stressor. As explained by Choma, Shove, Busseri, Sadava, and Hosker (2009), a coping strategy tends to either mediate or moderate the experience for the individual and some strategies alleviate the stressor while other responses tend to be self-defeating. There are several types of coping strategies that an individual might employ; Avoidance coping, appearance fixing, and positive rational acceptance coping strategy. These coping strategies are further explained by Choma et al (2009). First, when a person uses avoidance coping strategies they attempt to evade the threat, for example they might avoid mirrors. Second, an appearance fixing coping strategy would be employed to try and change the way they look. They might employ dieting strategies or even plastic surgery. Third, a positive rational acceptance coping strategy would involve usingShow MoreRelatedThe Self Objectification Theory Of Women4667 Words   |  19 PagesSelf-objectification Theory Objectification occurs when a person’s body is evaluated as a separate entity with a blatant disregard to the human who occupies it. When objectification occurs it dehumanizes the individual and turns them into an object that is to be used for someone else’s pleasure. Women in westernized cultures are particularly subject to this type of treatment and the detrimental effects it can cause (Harper Tiggemann, 2008). Often as a result, objectification is turned inwardRead MoreMedia Panics981 Words   |  4 Pagestake away their ability to think on their own and develop into mature individuals. The first media panic I will discuses is how video games have developed a relationship with violence amongst our children. The second media panic is the sexual objectification of young women online. First, it is important we define what is meant by media panics. Danish media scholar Kirsten Drotner (1999) defines it as â€Å"emotionally charged reactions on the appearance of new media† (p. 593). She continues to explainRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Romantic Comedy Essay1822 Words   |  8 PagesMeg’s transition of beliefs that a woman’s real place is in the home and with her family something the film tried hard to subvert in which it was almost successful at. Scene 2: Men regard women as sexual objects and thus of lower status The objectification theory suggests that women are sexually objectified and treated as an object to be valued for its use by others, implying that when a female’s body is singled out from her as a person that she is then viewed primarily as a physical object of a male’sRead MoreMedia and Unrealistic Body Image Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pagesexists within university-aged females through the implementation of the Photographic Figure Rating Scale and structured qualitative interviews (Swami et al., 2008). It will focus on two correlates of body dissatisfaction: social comparison and objectification theory. Literature Review Accompanying unrealistic images of women, the media spends billions of dollars yearly to advertise the various techniques that eliminate body discontents such as dieting pills and exercising machines, and exploits femaleRead MoreThe Sexual Objectification Of Women1403 Words   |  6 Pageshas been a tremendous increase in the sexual objectification of women. In many aspects, digital images play a major role in the sexual objectification of women. The majority of these images consist of advertisements that are posted on the internet, on television, or on various forms of social media. Some argue that men have to deal with the same type of objectification in the media, but it certainly isn’t as severe. Furthermore, the sexual objectification of women is more prominent in society now moreRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society998 Words   |  4 Pagesself-objectification in adolescent females increasing the risk factors for mental health disorders and puberty developmen t. The purpose of this project is to discover the risks of self-objectification and the effects that it has on the mental health of adolescent females. This topic was chosen based on the idea of gender related oppression that we as female social workers may encounter both personally and professionally. The term self-objectification originates from objectification theory. ThisRead MoreWomen And Women s Body2476 Words   |  10 Pagesare not the only ones to blame for. In today’s world, society plays a leading role in the discrimination of women’s bodies through the media such as advertisements, television shows and movies. Thus, are men really only ones to blame for the objectification of women’s bodies? Men take a leading role in the discrimination of women’s bodies however, the advertisements that are displayed for the public eye also play an enormous role. In commercial advertisements for instance, women are always niceRead MoreAnalysis Of Laura Mulvey s Essay, Visual Pleasure And Narrative Cinema999 Words   |  4 Pages makes. The messages that the song sends speak volumes, and as the song aligns with claims that Mulvey makes, the song becomes increasingly more objectifying. Before delving into media, one must understand a little bit about the psychoanalytic theory that Mulvey makes her claims from. First, Freud suggests that because women are without a penis, they have a castration-complex, so they compensate for this by having children. The child’s first love interest is their mother, and this is where desireRead MoreExploring Objectification Theory Through Media Output and Seduction Masters2168 Words   |  9 PagesPickup Artists and the unwillingness of the majority of the populous to recognize this as a pressing issue has caused the imbalance between the sexes to grow swift as an epidemic. Objectification theory, studied by Women’s Studies professors and students, is defined as the implicit and explicit sexual objectification of the female body in Western culture producing a multitude of negative consequences for women. The media has a reputation of being a reliable source of information. As such, whenRead MoreBiological Features Of The Booty1987 Words   |  8 Pagesideologies of women’s sexuality, recent research suggests that female artists are more likely to sexually objectify themselves in their own music videos than male artists are to demonstrate the sexual objectification of female characters in their music videos (Aubrey Frisby, 2011). Sexual objectification occurs whenever a person is â€Å"treated as a body (or collection of body parts) valued predominantly for its use to (or consumption by) others† (Fredrickson Roberts, 1997, p. 174). Often, women are

Christopher Marlowe s Dr. Faustus - 1706 Words

Christopher Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus is a complex character. Whether or not to feel pity for the misguided scholar is a debatable issue, but he does seem to possess some â€Å"evil† qualities. Some consider him a tragic hero, while others would argue he better fulfills the role of a villain. But really, who is Dr. Faustus? Taking into consideration the defining characteristics of both the tragic hero and the villain while comparing them to the doctor leads one to the conclusion that Faustus does not completely fit into either category, but rather belongs to the more specific genre of the Elizabethan villain-hero, which encompasses both his hero and villain sides. The concept of the â€Å"tragic hero† was defined by Aristotle, and applies to many protagonists in a variety of plays. According to Aristotle’s definition, in order to be classified as a tragic hero, the character must fulfill the following criteria: be born into a noble standing, possess a tragic flaw which causes his downfall, experience an unfortunate event as a result of this flaw, eventually acquire an increased sense of self-awareness, and be pitied by the audience. It is important to note that Aristotle also argued that a man cannot be considered a tragic hero without realizing the cause of his downfall (Perrine). Dr. Faustus only fulfills some of these requirements, and falls short of the most important and necessary characteristics needed in order to be classified as a tragic hero. Most importantly, Faustus seemsShow MoreRelatedChristopher Marlowe s The Tragical History Of The Life And Death Of Doctor Faustus 1688 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloping rapidly. In the 16th century, a playwright, poet and translator, Christopher Marlowe, decided to reach out even further than an ordinary human experience. In the age of social, scientific and cultural rebirth, Marlowe examined the possibilities and consequences of reaching out the most from knowledge, power and wealth. In the play, The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, the main protagonist, Dr. Faustus, sick and tired of the limited abilities of any human individual tradesRead MoreComparing Dr. Faustus And Marlowe And Mamet983 Words   |  4 Pagesclassical music and opera to paintings and cartoons. From Goethe to Radiohead, Dr. Faustus’ thirst for knowledge and the chaos this desire produces have captivated artists of all disciplines. This paper will examine two theatrical depictions of this myth. A little more than 400 years separate the original productions of Christopher Marlowe’s The Tragic History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus and David Mamet ’s Faustus, but both plays feature the bare bones of the Faust myth. Vastly different politicalRead MoreWhat Is The Theme Of Dr. FaustusBy Christopher Marlowe897 Words   |  4 Pagesprimary theme in â€Å"Dr. Faustus† by Christopher Marlowe. Dr. Faustus is the main character, who seeks power through a â€Å"pact with the devil.† He trades his soul for power and knowledge beyond the human realm. Dr. Faustus’ pride and sense of achievement, is the catalyst to his downfall. In context, the theme of pride predates the religion of Christianity. Christopher Marlowe introduces pre-Christian myths, situated in a Christian narrative to lay the foundation of the conflict of Dr. Faustus. Icarus fromRead More Dr. Faustus Essay626 Words   |  3 Pages Dr. Faustus nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Dr. Faustus, written by Christopher, is the story of a man that represents the common human dissatisfaction with being human. He sells his soul to the devil for what he believes to be limitless power, with full logical knowledge as to the consequences of such a transaction. He knows the stakes of his gamble with the devil. His extensive education and his cultural environment had certainly alerted him as to the dangers associated with Lucifer. Although awareRead MoreHow Does Power Affect The Lives Of Macbeth And Dr. Faustus?1009 Words   |  5 PagesFaustus/Macbeth- Marlowe/Shakespeare Death, magic, and evil are what you will encounter when you dive into these two works of Macbeth and Dr. Faustus. The two protagonists in these stories show a great deal of ambition. These men were in the top of their professions when they gave up everything for a little taste of power. These plays illustrate a problem that is still relevant today. Humans can never be satisfied with what they have. They are always searching for more. In these stories the menRead MoreFaustus Tragedy2251 Words   |  10 PagesDiscuss Dr. Faustus as a tragedy Dr. Faustus is a tragedy because the main character falls as a victim of his own circumstances, and is a victim of himself. He is a man with all the potential and possibilities to be successful. He is a Renaissance man who is versed in every aspect of science, philosophy, the arts, education, and genius, yet, he utilizes his energy and wit into absolutely nonsense and unnecessary goals, such as his obsession to be a magician, and his ridiculous fixation for power:Read MoreDr. Faustus As Morality Play1443 Words   |  6 Pageswhether Dr. Faustus is a morality play or tragedy, two aspects must be considered. Firstly, it must be decided whether Dr. Faustus is a morality play or not. In an attempt to categorize the play, the play s form, content and subject matter will be discussed. There is alternative argument that states the play is in fact a tragedy. Secondly, does this supposed morality play have a moral? In order to answer this question, the tone of certain parts of the play will be analyzed. To determine if Dr. FaustusRead MoreDorian Gray And Dr Faustus Literary Analysis1278 Words   |  6 PagesFinal Essay Dorian Gray and Dr Faustus By Mohammad Hussain Starting with greed and temptation, then with a sense of immortality, and ending with destruction of one s morals and soul. In the novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde, the main character trades his soul for what he desires most, beauty and eternal youth. He ends up dying after living a tortuous life because of the damage he has to his soul. Similarly, in Dr. Faustus, a play by Christopher Marlowe, a doctor sells his soul toRead MoreFaustus Sins1771 Words   |  8 PagesDr Faustus and Seven Sins Dr Faustus is a short play written by Christopher Marlowe. The play is a masterful insight into the paradoxical soul of mankind and its ironically self inflicted corruption. The play could be classification as a theological allegory. It can be assumed that the play specifically speaks to the religious motivations of the time, but can be adapted to the present as well. Marlowe portrays Faustus ambition as dangerous; it was the cause of his demise. Perhaps MarloweRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Play Everyman 1275 Words   |  6 Pagesabout the meaning of life. Similarly, we can also see the shadow of a philosophical trace in Christopher Marlowe’s play, Doctor Faustus. The play personifies good and evil. The devil will fight for the soul of human beings, while our soul remain indecisive. Soon after, high lights appeared in the instance when the soul makes a decision. Even though both works are excellent, but I fell that Dr. Faustus made a bigger impact on me. Altho ugh both work revolved around death, sins, and judgment of

Nurses Role in prevention of HAIs Free-Samples for Students

Question: Why do Nurses Practice hand Hygiene and use protective gear? Is there emerging evidence that could inform changes to practice? Answer: Hospital-acquired infections, are those that one acquires within a healthcare unit and present themselves in the first 48 hours following a hospital admission; or infections that occur after 30 days following discharge from a hospital after a time of admission (Revelas, 2012). HAIs are not related to the original infections or illnesses that first bring a patient to a hospital and neither are they present in the incubation stage at the time that a patient is admitted (WHO, 2015) Several reasons have made the prevalence of HAIs in the 21st century to reach alarming rates. Some of these reasons include hospitals that have large populations within their premises who on average, are sicker and with weak immune systems; increased cases of treatment in the outpatient departments which implies that persons who are in the hospitals are on average more sick; many medical procedures which navigate around the natural protective body barriers; movement of medical staff from one patient to another which offers pathogens a vehicle for spreading; inadequate adherence to sanitation protocols with reference to equipment and uniform sterilization, washing as well as other measures for prevention which may be ignored by personnel which insufficiently isolate the patients from being infected by the disease agents; and the anti-microbial agents' routine use within hospital settings which creates pressure for emergence selection for the resistant microorganism strains (Revelas, 2 012). Occurrence of Healthcare-Associated Infections is common in both paediatric and adult patients. The most common infections among children include blood stream infections, UTIs and pneumonia while the commonly occurring infections in adults are UTIs. Among children, those that are below 1 year, babies born with very low birth weight of less than 1000 grams, and children admitted at the NICU or PICU, have the highest rates of Healthcare Associated Infections (Reed Kemmerly, 2009). This paper discusses the role that nurses can play in the prevention of HAIs and will look into four literature pieces to further expound on the topic. The research articles were searched from Google Scholar (See Appendix 1 for detailed breakdown). HAIs are spread via several routes such as surfaces (more so, hands), water, air, and oral passageways. However, there are also several interventions that are non-pharmacological and which can be used to reduce prevalence of HAIs which are often ignored by personnel. The best and most adequate intervention is the use of hand washing practice as it prevents the spread of most HAIs. However, the number of healthcare providers that actually engage in this simple exercise is surprisingly low and ranges from 20-50percent for every hospital patient that they get in contact with although some researchers have reported rates of close to 81percent. The hands of healthcare providers often carry viable pathogens and these include Clostridium dif?cile (59percent), Acinetobacter spp. (15percent), and Klebsiella spp. (17percent), Pseudomonas spp. (1.3-25percent), MRSA (16.9percent), rotavirus (19.5-78.6percent), yeasts (including Candida) (23-81percent), and VRE (1percent). Several studies have shown that frequent washing of hands can reduce HAIs rates including those of MRSA although there are those studies that have shown a negative relation. and washing solutions that are alcohol-based are considered to be generally better compared to washing hands with soap and water, Comparisons of hand washing with soap and water have shown that there are lower rates of HAIs when the soaps used are either triclosan, chlorhexidine, or alcohol based. Besides washing hands, nurses and other personnel can reduce prevalence of HAIs by wearing gloves to protect themselves and the patients from infection. There are a number of studies that have demonstrated that latex gloves have shown to be more effective in the prevention of viruses and water penetration when compared to vinyl gloves as cited by the authors. However, approximately 3-16 percent of nurses and healthcare personnel are sensitive to latex and will sometimes report severe reactions of the respiratory system. The powder free gloves are highly recommended for use in hospitals as they release latex levels that are much lower. Nurses and healthcare workers should ensure that they wear sterilized gowns when attending to patients who have infectious diseases. There is sparse data linking gown use and prevention of HAIs. However, one study as cited by the authors, showed that the use of gowns in ICU was linked to a reduction of VRE by approximately 54 percent P 0.01). The study also showed that using gowns also had an economic benefit by reducing the ICU net costs by close to $420,000 and averted 58 cases of VRE. Another study also showed that gown use was linked to insignificant and modest drop in rates of MRSA cases. The rates at which gowns are used by staff when attending to patients that have contact precautions has been reported to be 76percent among the hospital staff and only 65percent for persons visiting the patients. Besides gowns, head and shoe covers need to be used in areas that contain patients that are immunocompromised or those being prepared or undergoing surgery. Although there have been studies that the shoe covers used by healthcare staff in such scenarios do indeed collect pathogens, the spread of the same is very minimal. The authors cite one study showed that wearing shoe covers and gowns during a bone marrow surgery of a patient did not reduce the risk of the patient in a significant way as was measured by the antibiotic therapy used. Another study showed that wearing headgear during a sham surgery did not significantly reduce the probability of airborne bacteria when compared to not wearing a headgear. The four common types of HAIs as stated by the authors were surgical site, urinary tract, Pneumonia, and blood stream infections BSI (Horan, Andrus, Dudes, 2008). SSIs are linked to approximately 1/3 of all nosocomial infections, while UTIs and BSIs that are catheter associated, and VAPs account for the remaining 2/3. There are many protocols that nurses and other hospital personnel can follow besides those mentioned earlier. One such protocol discussed in the research by Tsai et al., (2014) is decolonizing personnel prior to a patient surgical procedure. In decolonizing personnel, the authors cite one study assessed its effects specifically on a surgical team (Portigliatti, Mognetti, Pecoraro et al., 2010). The study identified carriers among the surgical team which comprised of nurses, doctors, and anaesthesiologists who were subsequently treated using mupirocin administered intranasally. In retrospect, 1000 consecutive patients that had SSI were recorded as being 6%. 300 consecutive patients examined post intervention, had yielded 0% of SSI rate. Though there needs to be further studies done, the preliminary findings are indicative that healthcare personnel including nurses are responsible for the spread of microorganism during operation procedures. This therefore, calls for institution-wide decolonization and screening of personnel as it promises to be a successful and feasible preventive measure. There are currently very few hospitals that carry out personnel screening procedure which is in contract t the mandatory screening tha t hospitals are expected to adhere to with regard to TB screening of employees. Ventilator associated pneumonia occurs frequently among patient using mechanical ventilators and is the second most frequently occurring HAI (Sedwick, et al. 2012). The VAP mortality rates are at 29-70percent which far exceed those of other (Mietto et al., 2013). That said, nurses are tasked with ensuring that VAP is controlled within the hospital settings and this requires collaboration among all nursing staff to ensure best practice implementation is achieved through knowledge dissemination. Educational interventions are an effective way of increasing knowledge among nurses. Along with educating nurses, assessment and on-going support is necessary for the evaluation of compliance as well as in determining the patient outcome impact of the education. At the entire institute level, APRNs can develop and implement modified VAP bundle that is evidence based to initiate in the Emergency Room. Evidence shows that goal-directed early therapy is useful in improvement of patient outcomes as well as in reducing hospital costs. For the APRN to accomplish these, he/she would need to take up a temporary leadership role within a team of interdisciplinary professionals for further development, implementation, and evaluation of the modified VAP bundle. By developing the said interdisciplinary team within the ER, the institutional support will be assured with regard to initiating, piloting, and evaluating the intervention within the ER. If the VAP rates decrease, then the nurse wil have succeeded in implementing a practice change to reduce HAIs. Hand washing has been shown to be effective in reducing HAIs however; other potential means of transmission need to be focused on including, common vehicles, environment, bodily fluid, air, and droplets. By gaining an understanding of the different modes of transmission, nurses can better grasp the importance of implementing several other interventions for the control of HAIs besides just hand hygiene. It is recommended that nurses should be educated on pathogen target interventions to minimize disease outbreaks. In addition to this, the nurses need to be educated on the importance of carrying out HAIs routine surveillance as well as identifying vulnerable patients to HAIs in order to highlight problematic HAIs while reducing their transmission and outbreaks. Conclusion HAIs are preventable and it is the duty of nurses as well as other personnel, to ensure that patients are protected from nosocomial infections. Deliberate acts of prevention of HAIs such as simple hand hygiene, wearing of sterilized gowns; head gear, shoe cover, and un-powdered latex gloves should be enforced in hospital settings. In addition, other prevention and control strategies such as decolonization of personnel prior to surgical procedures ought to be adopted. Lastly, continuous education for nurses with regard to criticality of control and prevention of HAIs should be implemented in all hospital settings References Curtis, L. T. (2008). Prevention of hospital-acquired infections: review of non-pharmacological interventions.Journal of Hospital Infection,69(3), 204-219. Ferrazzano, D. M. (2014). Preventing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Educating Emergency Room Nurses. (Retrieved on 28th April, 2017) https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039context=school_of_nursing Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA: (2008). CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control, 36: 309-332. Mietto, C., Pinciroli, R., Patel, N., Berra, L. (2013, June 1). Ventilator associated pneumonia: evolving definitions and preventative strategies. Respiratory Care Journal, 58, 990-1007. https://dx.doi.org/10.4187/respcare.02380 Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., Prisma Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement.PLoS med,6(7), e1000097. Portigliatti Barbos M, Mognetti B, Pecoraro S, Picco W, Veglio V(2010). Decolonization of orthopedic surgical team S. aureus carriers: impact on surgical-site infections. J Orthop Traumatol, 11: 47-49. Rashleigh-Rolls, R. M. (2016).Hospital acquired infections: outbreaks and infection control interventions, a national descriptive survey(Doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of Technology Reed, D., Kemmerly, S. A. (2009). Infection Control and Prevention: A Review of Hospital-Acquired Infections and the Economic Implications.The Ochsner Journal,9(1), 2731. Revelas, A. (2012). Healthcare associated infections: A public health problem.Nigerian Medical Journal?: Journal of the Nigeria Medical Association,53(2), 5964. https://doi.org/10.4103/0300-1652.103543 Sedwick, M., Lance-Smith, M., Reeder, S., Nardi, J. (2012, August, 2012). Using evidence-based practice to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. Critical Care Nurse 32(4), 41-51. Tsai, D. M., Caterson, E. J. (2014). Current preventive measures for health-care associated surgical site infections: a review.Patient safety in surgery,8(1), 42. WHO (2015). Clean Care is Safer Care: The burden of healthcare associated infections worldwide. (Retrieved on 30th April, 2017). https://www.who.int/gpsc/country_work/burden_hcai/en/

Liberation - How Desirable Essays - Discrimination, Hatred, Racism

Liberation - How Desirable The first man and woman turned their backs on God. But having gained the liberation they wanted they now had to manage affairs as best they could. They soon discovered that their best was far from good enough. Inexperience and limited knowledge led to problems. That is why many of us have become victims of discrimination or injustice. That is why all of us have come into bondage to human imperfections, why we get sick, suffer abnormal physical and mental pain, and shed tears of sorrow. Or, why all creation keeps on groaning together and being in pain together until now.-Romans 8: 22. Never before have so many men wanted liberation from authority of employers and governments, so many women from the authority of husbands and fathers, and so many children from the authority of parents and teachers. Mans first liberation attempt thus turned out to be one that enslaved him. For 60 centuries now, he has been trying to liberate himself from its bad effects. But with what success? Racial or national prejudices directly contradict the Bible truths that God made out of one man every nation of men and that God is not partial, but in every nation the man that fears him and works righteousness is acceptable to him.(Acts 17:26; 10:34, 35) For example, consider the black race. Some so-called Christians claim that black skin color is the result of a divine curse placed upon Canaan and his descendants, consigning them to a position of servitude. In this they err. The black race descended not from Canaan but from Cush and possibly Put. And no curse was placed upon either of them. Man has experimented with all kinds of government. Those oppressive or unjust, or that failed to meet the peoples immediate needs, have been discarded or even violently overthrow and replaced by others-but with dubious results. Replacing one imperfect government with another is hardly the ideal way to bring about real liberation. Hence, wise King Solomon was divinely inspired to write: Man has dominated man to his injury.(Ecclesiastes 8:9) Obviously, all creation will keep on groaning together and being in pain until perfect government makes liberation from imperfect rule a reality. Despite this fact, blacks have often found themselves socially and economically downtrodden even by fellow blacks. They have longed for liberation. Social, economic, and even religious movements have been set up to seek liberation from oppression and discrimination, either real or imagined. But their liberation movements, despite sit-ins and protest marches, have brought only partial success. Unable to change hearts fully, they have failed to wipe out racial prejudice, religious ignorance, and lack of neighbor love. In conclusion all creation will keep on groaning together and being in pain until racial discrimination is wiped out by Gods Kingdom through Christ. English Essays